Oliver Farm Equipment Company – caustic soda flakes Manufacturer – China caustic soda solid    by hi joiney

The Merger Four companies joined forces on April 1 1929 The Oliver Chilled Plow Company dated from 1855 Hart Parr Tractor Company began operations in 1897 and the American Seeding Machine Company dated back to 1848 Nichols and Shepard Company likewise began operations in 1848 By 1929 each of these companies had essentially outgrown its usefulness to the industry For most of them the market had some time earlier reached a saturation point In some instances their machines were badly dated and rapidly approaching obsolescence For each of these companies to have attempted further activity on solo basis would almost have certainly been disastrous By uniting their various and somewhat diverse product lines into a single company Oliver Farm Equipment instantly became a virtual full line manufacturer Companies merged to form Oliver Farm Equipment Company American Seeding Machine Company The American Seeding Machine Company was organized in 1903 from the a merger of seven different manufacturers of grain drills corn planters and other seeding machines The leading corporate component among the seven merged companies was the Superior Drill Company of Springfield Ohio Accordingly the American Seeding Machine Company established its corporate headquarters at Springfield in the facilities formerly operated by the Superior Drill Company Other companies which formed the 1903 merger include P P Mast and Company est 1856 Hoosier Drill Company est 1857 the Empire Drill Company and Bickford Huffman The Superior Drill Company named lived on for many years following the merger that created Oliver in the Oliver Superior line of seeding drills and related equipment Oliver Chilled Plow Works The entrance to the Oliver Chilled Plow Works in South Bend Indiana c 1880 The business called the Oliver Chilled Plow Works was established by James Oliver in 1853 James Oliver first settled in Mishawaka Indiana in 1836 where he worked in a local foundry business Later he bought into an already existed small foundry in South Bend Indiana Plows with cast iron moldboards or bottoms had been successfully used by farmers and planters in the eastern states of the United States dating back to the time of Thomas Jefferson However in the sticky soils of North Dakota the cast iron plow bottoms would not scour Consequently the sticky soil built up on the cast iron bottoms making plowing impossible Thus when settlement of North America moved over the Allegheny Mountains into the Midwest there was a real need for a new plow that would scour in the soils of the Midwest To allow a cast iron bottom to scour in sticky soil various methods of annealing or creating the hard surface on the metal plow bottom had been attempted All of these processes failed because the hard surface created was very thin and would soon wear through to the soft iron under the annealized surface James Oliver developed his process of annealing by rapid chilling of the molten cast plow bottom which resulted in a bottom that had a thick annealized surface that had far greater wearability than competing annealized plow bottoms An artist conception drawing of an aerial view of the Oliver Chilled Plow Works South Bend Indiana c 1900 Another problem common to cast iron plow bottoms was the lack of soundness and uniformity in the various cast iron bottoms which meant that some cast iron bottoms would have soft spots in the annealized surface which would also reduce wearability in the plow bottom Improvements made by James Oliver to his annealing process overcame this problem also Consequently on June 30 1857 James Oliver obtained his first patent from the United States government for his chilled plow shares and in February 1869 he obtained another patent for his annealing process What Oliver accomplished by this invention is sometimes referred to as chill hardening or simply chilling The purpose of chilling whether it be a plowpoint or a wheel for a railroad car is to produce an extremely hard and durable exterior of the object This is done by pouring the fused metal into the mould so that the metal reaching the chill first forms the exterior of the plowpoint This metal cools more quickly than the metal which forms the other portion of the plowshare Also the vapors which arise as the molten metal comes in contract with the mould are expelled through a spout Had these vapors been trapped in the mould they would have caused impurities and would have weakened the plowpoint at the place where it should have been the hardest To harden the plowpoints Oliver arranged his moulding apparatus in such manner that the surface of the chill which is nothing more than a cooled iron mould was in a position so that the melted metal first come into contact with the chill at the edge of the plowshare This insured a hard plow cutting point 1956 Oliver Super 55 Diesel Thus James Oliver s chilled plow bottom became a practical success and on July 22 1868 the Oliver s business was incorporated as the South Bend Iron Works In 1871 the company sold 1 500 plows per year By 1874 this figure had increased to 17 000 plows a year At the time of death of James Oliver in 1908 the company had again changed names to the Oliver Chilled Plow Works and their factory site in South Bend Indiana covered 58 acres 230 000 m2 with 25 of those acres under roof Upon the death of his father in 1908 Joseph D Oliver the only son of James and Susan Doty Oliver took over the management of the Oliver Chilled Plow Works By 1910 the company was manufacturing a wide variety of farm tillage implements in addition to the chilled plow Production had reached the point that in 1910 the company purchased over 40 000 tons of pig iron alone Hart Parr Gasoline Engine Company Hart Parr nameplate Charles Walter Hart was born at Charles City Iowa in 1872 At the age of twenty he transferred from Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts to the University of Wisconsinadison It was here that he met Charles H Parr and the two young men quickly became friends Together they worked on their Special Honours Thesis and from that thesis they built three working internal combustion engines right there on the campus at Madison Following their graduation from the University of Wisconsin in 1897 Hart and Parr gathered 3000 in capital and formed the Hart Parr Gasoline Engine Company Towards the end of 1899 Charles Hart paid a visit to his parents in Charles City Iowa He complained to his father that development funds could not be found for his tractor project There s money around here that might be interested replied the elder Hart admitting for the first time that his son s ambition was not folly They the found another investor in Charles D Ellis a local attorney who invested 50 000 in additional capital In 1900 as the engine business expanded Hart and Parr decided to move their company from Madison to Charles City Hart Parr Company was organized on June 12 1901 at Charles City Iowa Ground was broken for the new factory on July 5 that year By the following December the Hart Parr Company was now ready to do business and had an authorized capitalization of 100 000 00 Hart Parr number 1 was completed in 1902 Customers did not immediately beat the proverbial path However Hart Parr was able to field one salesman to run demonstrations at county fairs and other events Hart was patient We can t force it he said We have to let it simmer into the market Little by little the Hart Parrs began to gather defenders Some of the first tractors delivered were gaining a reputation of usefulness that far surpassed that of the steamers W H Williams Sales Manager in 1906 decided the words traction engine were vague and too long to be used in press releases so he coined the word Tractor instead For this reason and because the Charles City plant was the first to be continuously and exclusively used for tractor production Hart Parr has been given the title of Founders of the Tractor Industry citation needed Nichols and Shepard Company In 1848 John Nichols opened a blacksmith shop in Battle Creek Michigan In the blacksmith shop John Nichols began making various farm tools for local farmers He built his first thresher separator in 1852 The business was successful from the start so successful that some time in the 1850s he took on a partner by the name of David Shepard Together they formed a partnership known as Nichols Shepard and Company which manufactured farm machinery steam engines and mill machinery The first thresher separator of small grains largely wheat and oats was developed in about 1831 by the Pitts brothersiram and John Pitts of Buffalo New York However this early thresher called the ground hog was quite unlike the conventional thresher separators that developed since that time For instance the ground hog s separating unit was largely a slatted apron which pulled the grain across a screen John Nichols and David Shepard realized that the apron style separator was not a technology that was going to work Consequently in 1857 the Nichols and Shepard Company developed the first vibrator separating unit for the small grain thresher This vibrator style of separator soon became universally adopted by all other thresher separator manufacturers The Nichols and Shepard Company received a patent from the United States government for their Vibrator grain separator on January 7 1862 The company also obtained a number of other patents for other advances in the thresher separator technology for original improvements in steam engine traction technology During the 1920s the Nichols and Shepard Company developed a successfully functioning corn picker Following the acquisition of the Nichols and Shepard Company by the Oliver company This corn picker became the direct ancestor of the famous Oliver cornpicker Acquisitions after the 1929 merger For the first couple of years the tractors carried the Oliver Hart Parr designation but the Hart Parr essence soon disappeared just as an entirely new line of purely Oliver tractors made their appearance McKensie Manufacturing Company Following the 1929 merger of the four companies into the Oliver Farm Equipment Company several other corporate acquisitions were made by the new company over a period of years The first of these post merger acquisitions occurred a mere year later in 1930 when the Oliver Farm Equipment Company purchased the McKensie Manufacturing Company of LaCrosse Wisconsin The McKensie Manufacturing Company was a leading maker of potato planting and potato harvesting equipment Acquisition of the McKensie Company broadened the line of farm equipment offered by Oliver to include potato diggers which were then sold under the Oliver name However following the 1930 merger production of the Oliver potato diggers moved out of LaCrosse Wisconsin to Chicago Illinois Ann Arbor Agricultural Machine Company In 1943 the Oliver Farm Equipment Company purchased the Ann Arbor Agricultural Machine Company of Ann Arbor Michigan Founded in 1885 the Ann Arbor Agricultural Machine Company became the leading manufacturer of hay presses or stationary balers Cleveland Tractor Company The Cleveland Tractor Company became a part of the Oliver family in 1944 At the October 3 1944 stockholders meeting with approval of the stockholders the corporate name was changed to The Oliver Corporation Crawler tractor production ended at Charles City in 1965 A B Farquhar Company In 1952 the A B Farquhar Company was sold to the Oliver Corporation Founded in New York in the 1850s as W W Dingee Co in 1889 A B Farquhar began building threshing machines and other farm machinery Later the company started the production of cultivators for farm use especially potato harvesting equipment Farquhar produced some steam engines early then moved onto the production of traction engines Product Development Tractors An Oliver 60 Row Crop built in 1944 In 1948 Oliver was ready with an entirely new line of tractors These were built over the successes of the past including the Oliver 60 70 and 80 tractors The latter was even built with a diesel engine although very few were sold However in the 1950s Oliver was an industry leader through their promotion of diesel power Oliver led the industry in the sale of diesel tractor for several years The Oliver 66 77 and 88 tractors of the 1948 to 1954 period marked an entirely new series of Fleetline models The 77 and 88 could be bought with either gasoline or diesel engines During 1954 the company upgraded these tractors with the new Super series models and added the Oliver Super 55 It was the company s first compact utility tractor In 1958 Oliver began marketing the new 660 770 880 990 and other new models Non Agricultural Products During the war years of the 1940s Oliver Corporation expanded rapidly into non agricultural production most notably in the defense sector By 1947 the Oliver Corporation employed 9 000 with 37 of Oliver s production for defense contracts Product lines included graders forklifts road rollers crawlers and power units incorporated into products by other companies Oliver also built airplane fuselages for Boeing s RB 47E Reconnaissance planes at a Battle Creek Michigan aviation division set up for exclusively for defense contracts The Charles City Iowa plant assembled transmissions for the 25 ton crane carriers and built and assembled 106MM recoilless rifle gun mounts for the Army The Cleveland Ohio plant built the MG 1 crawler for the Army as well as tank parts The Gilroy California plant produced the 76MM guns for the Walker Bull Dog tank The Shelbyville Ohio plant built 155MM Howitzer gun parts Acquisition by White Motor Corporation White Motor Corporation of Cleveland Ohio had a long history of truck manufacturing On November 1 1960 White Motor acquired Oliver changed the name to Oliver Corporation and made it a wholly owned separately operating subsidiary of the White Motor Corporation White also acquired Cockshutt Farm Equipment of Canada in February 1

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